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Water Transmission and COVID-19
Drinking Water, Recreational Water and Wastewater: What You Need to Know
　　隨著新冠疫情在海外的大規模爆發，海外對新冠病毒的研究逐漸深入。繼美國環保總署（EPA）發布關于飲用水和污水中的新冠病毒的解答后（疫情跟蹤 | 美國EPA：就飲用水和污水中的新冠病毒對公眾的權威解答），美國疾控中心（CDC）下屬的國家免疫與呼吸系統疾病中心（NCIRD）近日也針對民眾關切的飲用水、娛樂用水和污水中新冠病毒的傳播風險進行了解答。CDC的大體看法和EPA類似，即：新冠病毒通過飲用水、糞-口、排水系統傳播的可能性低且尚無明確證據支撐其可能性，但仍建議污水處理相關工作人員做好防護，避免直接接觸未處理的污水。
　　原文來自：https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/water.html
新冠病毒通過飲用水、娛樂用水和污水傳播的幾點解答
　　Q:　Can the COVID-19 virus spread through drinking water?
　　導致新冠肺炎（COVID-19）的新冠病毒是否能通過飲用水傳播?
　　A:　The COVID-19 virus has not been detected in drinking water. Conventional water treatment methods that use filtration and disinfection, such as those in most municipal drinking water systems, should remove or inactivate the virus that causes COVID-19.
　　尚未在飲用水中檢測到導致新冠肺炎的新冠病毒。大多數市政自來水廠的飲用水處理系統的常規工藝中都包含了過濾和消毒模塊，可以去除或滅活該病毒。
　　Q:　Is the COVID-19 virus found in feces?
　　糞便中是否發現了導致新冠肺炎（COVID-19）的新冠病毒?
　　A:　The virus that causes COVID-19 has been detected in the feces of some patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The amount of virus released from the body (shed) in stool, how long the virus is shed, and whether the virus in stool is infectious are not known.
　　The risk of transmission of COVID-19 from the feces of an infected person is also unknown. However, the risk is expected to be low based on data from previous outbreaks of related coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). There have been no reports of fecal-oral transmission of COVID-19 to date.
　　確實，我們在一些確診為新冠肺炎的患者的糞便中檢測到了導致致病的新冠病毒。糞便中含有多少數量的病毒，能夠從糞便中擴散多久，以及糞便中的病毒是否具有傳染性尚不清楚。
　　通過糞-口途徑感染COVID-19的風險目前也是未知的。然而，根據以往爆發過的冠狀病毒疫情（如嚴重急性呼吸道綜合征和中東呼吸綜合征）的資料來看，預計該風險較低。迄今為止，也沒有關于發現通過糞-口傳播途徑感染新冠肺炎的案例。
　　Q:　Can the COVID-19 virus spread through pools and hot tubs?
　　導致新冠肺炎（COVID-19）的新冠病毒能否通過水池和熱水浴缸傳播?
　　A:　There is no evidence that COVID-19 can be spread to humans through the use of pools and hot tubs. Proper operation, maintenance, and disinfection (e.g., with chlorine and bromine) of pools and hot tubs should remove or inactivate the virus that causes COVID-19.
　　沒有證據表明，人們在使用水池和熱水浴缸時會引發新冠病毒的感染。對泳池和熱水浴缸進行正確的操作、維護和消毒(例如，用氯和溴)，可以去除或滅活新冠病毒。
　　Q:　Can the COVID-19 virus spread through sewerage systems?
　　導致新冠肺炎（COVID-19）的新冠病毒能否通過下水道系統傳播?
　　A:　CDC is reviewing all data on COVID-19 transmission as information becomes available. At this time, the risk of transmission of the virus that causes COVID-19 through sewerage systems is thought to be low. Although transmission of COVID-19 through sewage may be possible, there is no evidence to date that this has occurred. This guidance will be updated as necessary as new evidence is assessed.
　　SARS, a similar coronavirus, has been detected in untreated sewage for up to 2 to 14 days. In the 2003 SARS outbreak, there was documented transmission associated with sewage aerosols. Data suggest that standard municipal wastewater system chlorination practices may be sufficient to inactivate coronaviruses, as long as utilities monitor free available chlorine during treatment to ensure it has not been depleted.
　　Wastewater and sewage workers should use standard practices, practice basic hygiene precautions, and wear personal protective equipment (PPE) as prescribed for current work tasks.
　　美國疾病控制和預防中心（CDC）正在查閱所有關于新冠肺炎病毒傳播的案例資料。目前，病毒通過下水道系統進行傳播的風險被認為是很低的。雖然新冠病毒通過污水傳播具有可能性，但迄今為止并沒有證據表明發生過這類情況。如果能夠得到（可以證實病毒可以通過下水道傳播）新的證據，我們將在相應的指南中更新這一情況。
　　SARS病毒是一種類似的冠狀病毒，在未經處理的污水中曾被檢測到可以存活2~14天。2003年，當SARS疫情爆發時，曾有研究記錄顯示SARS病毒的傳播與污水氣溶膠有關。但同時游離氯的監測數據資料也顯示，只要污水中還存在游離氯，城市污水系統的氯化消毒工藝可能足以滅活冠狀病毒。
　　涉及污水處理的工作人員應按照規定使用標準操作規程，執行基本衛生防護措施，并穿戴個人防護裝備(PPE)才可以開展相關的工作任務。
　　Q:　Should wastewater workers take extra precautions to protect themselves from the COVID-19 virus?
　　污水處理的工作人員是否應該采取額外的預防措施來保護自己免受新冠病毒的感染?
　　A:　Wastewater treatment plant operations should ensure workers follow routine practices to prevent exposure to wastewater. These include using engineering and administrative controls, safe work practices, and PPE normally required for work tasks when handling untreated wastewater. No additional COVID-19–specific protections are recommended for employees involved in wastewater management operations, including those at wastewater treatment facilities.
　　污水處理廠應確保工作人員遵循標準規范的操作要求以防止直接接觸污水。其中包括使用工程管理和行政管理的手段、安全的工作方法，并要求可能與未處理的污水接觸的工作人員穿戴好個人防護裝備（PPE）。對于管理崗位的工作人員，包括設施設備管理的人員，不需要進行額外的專用保護。
　　最新評論：2020年3月10日
　　內容來源：美國國家免疫與呼吸系統疾病中心(NCIRD)，病毒性疾病學部
　　來源：凈水技術 翻譯：《凈水技術》王佳、阮辰旼